黄土高原沟壑区土壤侵蚀评价指标体系——以中国王东沟流域为例

The Wangdonggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau in China was selected as the study area to develop a model for soil erosion assessments. Using the data collected at 20 sampling sites all tentatively selected indicators were assessed against their corresponding erosion intensity through a correlation analysis. Eight highly correlated indicators were then chosen for the soil erosion assessment. In addition, threshold limits to delineate the class size for these indicators and weights to rank them were determined. Next, a grading model incorporating the selected indicators class rating and their associated weights was developed and verified by an on site evaluation of the soil erosion intensity in the study area. Results of the verification showed that the overall accuracy of the indicator system for assessing soil erosion in the Loess Plateau gully regions could reach 85%.     

强度耕作对^137Cs、^210Pbex和有机质剖面分布的影响

很少有关于直接测定强度耕作侵蚀引起土壤退化过程的报道。我们的目的是确定应用137Cs和210Pbex直接定量评价耕作侵蚀对土壤有机质(SOM)坡面运移影响的可能性。我们在黄土高原陡坡耕地上进行了50次犁耕活动,并将与其相临的另一块陡坡耕地作为对照。在对照坡地不同坡位,137Cs浓度均匀分布于上部0～30cm土层,而210Pbex浓度在坡上部和坡中部随土层深度增加呈现线性递减,在坡下部呈指数函数递减。0～30cm土层中土壤有机质含量显著大于30cm深度以下土层,并在坡中部和坡下部呈现与210Pbex类似的土壤剖面分布特征。与对照坡地比较,50次犁耕活动导致坡上部、坡中部0～45cm土层的SOM含量分别降低了38%和47%,坡下部0～100cm土层中的SOM含量却提高了18%。坡上部土壤剖面中137Cs浓度的加权平均值从1.48Bq/kg降低到0.29Bq/kg,坡中部从2.53Bq/kg减少到0.33Bq/kg,坡下部从1.48Bq/kg提高到2.81Bq/kg。210Pbex浓度的剖面加权平均值在坡上部从27.71Bq/kg下降到6.15Bq/kg,在坡中部和坡下部分别从35.46Bq/kg和25.53Bq/kg降低到1.57Bq/kg和19.40Bq/kg。137Cs和210Pbex的剖面分布与SOM在p<0.001水平呈显著相关,相关系数R2值在对照坡地为0.81～0.86,在犁耕实验坡地为0.86～0.91。实验结果表明,环境放射性核素137Cs和210Pbex在黄     

中国农牧与风水蚀交错区的空间格局与生态恢复

运用遥感与 GIS为技术支撑 ,以专家知识为依据 ,从而定量计算出中国的农牧与风水蚀交错区。在此基础上 ,阐述二者在空间上的分布特征。风水蚀交错区主要分布于我国大兴安岭 -阴山 ,秦岭 -祁连山一线分布的区域 ,农牧交错区主要分布于辽宁与内蒙古接壤处 ,山西北部 ,陕西北部 ,到甘肃东部 ,秦岭以北 ,六盘山以东的地区 ,二者在空间格局上的不重合 ,使得我国 ,特别是北方地区存在两个生态脆弱区 ,这样对环境产生不利影响。进而从生态重建的角度提出治理对策。     

海南橡胶园土壤持续利用措施的研究

This research was designed to help solve existing sustainable use problems such as soil nutrient loss and soil fertility decline in natural rubber plantations located in the hilly land of the south central mountainous area of Hainan Island,China. Two different land management practices, sustainable and traditional, were adopted in a four-year experiment.Contour terraced fields and deep ditches for green manure were built in a sustainable way with a balanced, need-based application of complex fertilizer. Results of the four-year experiment showed that these sustainable measures compared to traditional measures improved available P and available K; had a 47.8% less soil erosion (an average of 3663 t km^-2 year^-1) and a 15.9% lower runoff coefficient of 0.53; increased the dry rubber yield by 42.4%; and improved the economic benefit by 2.4 times. The sustainable land management scheme not only improved land utilisation efficiency, hut also helped maintain soil fertility while increasing production in rubber plantations. It thereby offered a reasonable and sustainable use for land resources in the tropical mountainous areas.     

中国东南部红壤地区不同植被对土壤侵蚀和土壤养分的影响

The effect of different vegetation systems including bamboo plantation (BP), forest ecosystem (CF), citrus orchard (Ctr) and farmland (FL) on erosion and nutrients of red soil were investigated in hilly region of southeastern China to find effective control measures for soil erosion. The results showed that all the vegetation systems could significantly reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses compared to bare land (Br). The ability of different vegetation systems to conserve soil and water was in the order of Ctr > BP > CF > FL > Br. Vegetation could also improve soil fertility. The soil organic matter, total N and total P contents were much higher in all the vegetation systems than in bare land, especially for the top soils. Vegetation systems improved soil physical properties remarkably. Compared to the bare land, soil organic matter, TP, TK and available K, especially soil microbial biomass C, N and P, increased under all the vegetation covers. However, they were still much lower than expected, thus these biological measurements are still needed to be carried out continuously.     

江西省水土流失现状及其防治对策

该分析了江西省水土流失现状，危害及成因。并根据全省自然条件的差异和水土流失特点及治理方向，将全省划分为七个不同类型区，并提出了防治水土流失的对策。     

黄土沟谷下蚀趋势评价的指标体系研究

均衡纵剖面是一切水道发育的最终形态 ,其标准形式是摆线。以实际沟谷与标准摆线间的差异为依据 ,初步建立了由摆线相关度和沟谷纵剖面几何形态参数两类指标构成的沟谷下蚀趋势评价指标体系 ,并以鸭儿沟为例进行了实际验证 ,结果较符合实际。     

山西省沿黄地区水土保持综合治理战略对策研究

本项研究从分析沿黄地区治理开发的优势和劣势入手,对多年来的治理实践进行了回顾总结,提出了今后治理开发的基本指导思想,奋斗目标、重点区域、技术战略及其配套措施。